00:00:14
Salamanders, grasshoppers, worms and watermelon
00:00:17
Elephants and E. coli
00:00:19
The rights and mushrooms. All different in form and function,
00:00:24
But similar in terms of how to determine the shape and function.
00:00:28
First, all of these organisms problem of a single cell or more,
00:00:32
Each cell every living thing on the face of the earth
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Contain all the information required by the
00:00:38
To create and multiply and create different forms of the same.
00:00:42
That information is stored in the molecules very long double
00:00:45
But it is very simple called DNA.
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DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid.
00:00:50
The DNA of each organism is composed of chains of four smaller molecules
00:00:56
Called nucleotides. What is the difference between human and mushrooms
00:01:01
Is the sequence of these nucleotides in a DNA sequence long.
00:01:06
Four different parts of the nucleotide, called rules,
00:01:09
Made of some carbon and oxygen atoms, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus,
00:01:14
These molecules seem so.
00:01:17
Each of these four rules associated with identical molecular pillar,
00:01:21
Sugar called deoxyribose, a "d" in the DNA (d. N. A) - and the phosphate group.
00:01:27
Let's simplify these nucleotides and نظهرها so.
00:01:31
If one sequence of nucleotides added sugars common to look so.
00:01:37
The DNA molecule is stored these sequences look like.
00:01:43
But how is a simple molecule, form and function of millions of different organisms?
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You can think of DNA as a large library of information,
00:01:53
Information that is used to do one thing and one thing only:
00:01:57
Directing building different protein molecules.
00:02:01
The proteins that build cells and keep employees with
00:02:04
And change and re-produced. And here is where comes the familiar word 'gene'.
00:02:10
If nuclear Hamadk was library information, the gene is a book in that library.
00:02:15
A gene is a part of the DNA molecule.
00:02:18
Suppose that the body needs for a particular protein, such as insulin.
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For this, some of your cells send a signal protein through the bloodstream
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For cells in Pennekraask, where insulin is produced.
00:02:29
This reference tells protein other proteins in the cell nucleus
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To open part of the double helix of DNA, insulin gene,
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And begin to produce insulin proteins.
00:02:39
Once produce enough insulin,
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Comes another sign of the protein into the cells of the pancreas to ordering them to stop producing insulin.
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It's like searching for a book on insulin in the DNA library,
00:02:50
And then back again when it is completed.
00:02:52
There genes in the DNA of things visible and invisible that make up the body,
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Such as eye color genes and protein dyes and skin color,
00:03:00
Hair color and stop and start the growth of bones,
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And your blood type and the number of fingers or arms and legs have,
00:03:07
And proteins that affect your life span.
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Includes nuclear Hamadk probably between 25 thousand and 40 thousand of genes,
00:03:16
While the DNA of a worm or a plant or fruit fly
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Includes between 12 thousand to 20 thousand genes.
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Some of these genes contain sequences completely different from what you have nucleotides,
00:03:26
Some of which are similar to what you have.
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